Blue Crabs. It is common at depths greater than 10 metres (33 ft) down to 120 metres (390 ft) and can reach a diameter of 1.8 metres (6 feet). Water is continually being pumped through the interior of the sponge. The giant barrel sponge Xestospongia muta is a particularly dominant member of sponge communities on Caribbean coral reefs. The largest species of sponge (Porifera) is the giant barrel sponge (Xestospongia muta).It grows at depths from 10 m (33 ft) down to 120 m (390 ft), and can reach a diameter of 1,8 – 2 m (6 – 6,6 ft). The tallest animal in the world. Similarly, the surface can range from smooth to rough, rugged, and irregular, sometimes with buttresses. Name. The largest sponges on Conch Reef, about the size of an oil barrel, were estimated to be about 130 years old. It grows between 40-60 cm in diameter. Giant barrel sponge. Brown Encrusting Octopus Sponge. Blue Tang . Family: Petrosiidae. 12) Giant Oarfish: source: Giant oarfish can grow up to 36 feet (11 m) in length, despite being nearly palm-size at birth. Sponges do not have segmented body. Water is continually being pumped through the interior of the sponge. Some scientists say that the smallest sea sponge has a length of 3 cm. More Campaigns. Powered by Create your own unique … Rumble / Unreal Animals — Giant barrel sponges are actually animals, despite the fact that they grow fixed to the reef or the ocean bottom, giving us the impression that they are plants. On the reefs oV Key Largo, Florida, mean densities of X. muta are »0.2 sponges m¡2 Interesting Harp Sponge Facts: 1-7. The species is Muta. Információ az eszközéről és internetkapcsolatáról, beleértve az IP-címét, Böngészési és keresési tevékenysége a Verizon Media webhelyeinek és alkalmazásainak használata közben. However, some individuals within the same population may be low and squat or relatively tall and thin. Az Adatvédelmi irányelvek közt és a Cookie-szabályzatban olvashat bővebben arról, hogyan használjuk fel adatait. Sponges are home to an array of microorganisms. Reaching sizes of at least 6 feet (1.8 m) across, this … Small fish and many invertebrates live on and inside these huge animals, which live on tropical coral reefs. We are restoring the world’s wild fish populations to serve as a sustainable source of protein for people. Giant Barrel Sponge Roles In Enviroment Xestospongia muta is a filter feeder. Sponges are a mass of tiny animals bound together into a poriferous body of different structures, like the giant barrel sponge. POPULATION ECOLOGY. Find professional Barrel Sponge videos and stock footage available for license in film, television, advertising and corporate uses. The giant barrel sponge (Xestospongia muta) is the largest species of sponge found growing on Caribbean coral reefs. Spawning can occur at any time of the year, and occurs patchily on the reef, but usually with many individuals participating at the same time. The scientific, the normal and the cool name. Choose your favorite giant barrel sponge designs and purchase them as wall art, home decor, phone cases, tote bags, and more! The kingdom is Animalia. The giant barrel sponge (Xestospongia muta) is the largest species of sponge found growing on Caribbean coral reefs. It is common at depths greater than 10 metres (33 ft) down to 120 metres (390 ft) and can reach a diameter of 1.8 metres (6 feet). The oldest known living creature was a barrel sponge that died only a decade and a half ago, with an estimated age of 2300 years. [10] Resulting sponge larvae disperse with ocean currents, but there is some genetic differentiation among populations from Florida, the Bahamas and Belize. [7] On the reefs off the Florida Keys, it may be as common at two individuals per square metre (yard), and the total biomass of the sponge is greater than any other benthic invertebrate. The largest individual for which a photograph was available (now dead) was estimated to be 2300 years old. Your email address will not be published. Class: Demospongiae. Giant Barrel Sponges have three names. [15] Unrelated to cyclic bleaching is a pathogenic condition of X. muta called "sponge orange band" that can result in the death of the sponge. Green Sea Turtle. Scientific Name: Xestospongia muta. Variable Boring Sponge. Hawaiian Monk Seal. The giant barrel sponge microbiota is believed to play key roles in nutrient cycling, and these communities may adapt to local light conditions and nutrient availability (Webster and Taylor 2012; Morrow et al. The Blue Barrel Sponge provides a habitat for various invertebrates. Next Post: Leave a Reply Cancel reply. [11], Growth models for X. muta have been formulated from digital photographs of the same sponges over a period of 4.5 years. They feed on plankton. Species Seabirds. High-Veined Encrusting Sponge. The skeleton may be of spongin fibres or of spongin fibres with siliceous spicules or there may be no skeleton. Interesting Harp Sponge Facts: 1-7. It is really not cool to learn that a sponge can actually hunt but yes, there are many carnivorous sponge species and the harp sponge is one of them. Usually, this sea sponge is flat and it is against the rock. Species Invertebrates. The giant barrel sponge, though living as a solitary sponge as seen Giant Barrel Sponge has shades of gray color, brown, red brown or rose purple color. Water is continually pumped into the sides of the sponge, through the sponge body, and out of the osculum at the top of the sponge. [19] It is also host to a diverse community of microbes, some of which are primary producers or involved in nitrification. 2. Barrel sponges (Xestospongiaspp.) It is very large and firm,[2] typically being barrel-shaped, with a cone-shaped cavity at the apex known as the osculum. Incoming particles, particularly microscopic bacteria and prochlorophytes, are phagocytosed by the collar cells. Választásait bármikor módosíthatja az Adatvédelmi lehetőségek oldalon. Find the perfect giant barrel sponge stock photo. Fertilization occurs in the water column. Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species. The giant barrel sponge (Fig 1) is a dominant species in the sponge community of the Florida Keys, comprising of about 65% of the total sponge community. In terms of benthic surface coverage, it is the second most abundant sponge on reefs in the Caribbean region. fill ecologically important roles on coral reefs due to their large size and water column interactions. It is typically brownish-red to brownish-gray in color, with a hard or stony texture. Low This article has been rated as Low-importance on the project's importance scale. The scientists also found that near the Hawaiian Islands has been found sea sponge with a length of approximately 3.5 meters and a height of 2.1 meters. Brittle and crumbly in consistency. It is also known as Xestospongia Muta and it has brittle, incompressible, and easy to break consistency. Read about how the bacteria in sponges contribute to the reef community. Clouds of sperm from males are emitted from the osculum, while females produce flocculent masses of eggs that are slightly negatively buoyant. The Giant Barrel Sponge, known scientifically as Xestospongia muta, is a marine species found in the Atlantic Ocean’s tropical areas.It is one of the most commonly found sponges on the Coral reefs in the Caribbean region. Orange Ball Sponge . [5] Two or more closely related species that are visually indistinguishable from X. muta are found on reefs in the Pacific and Indian Oceans (particularly Xestospongia testudinaria). Found singly or in small colonies over reef faces and flats of coral and rocky reefs. Species Sea Turtles & Reptiles. The largest ray in the world. Read about one species giant barrel sponge. Arctic Tern. Comment. [2] In shallow water the color is brownish-red to brownish-gray, but at greater depths and in caves and under-hangs, or when the sponge is undergoing cyclic bleaching events, it is pinkish or white. Species Marine Mammals. Your email address will not be published. 2016). [6], The giant barrel sponge is common on reefs throughout the Caribbean Sea, the Bahamas, Bermuda and the reefs and hard-bottom areas of Florida and the Gulf of Mexico. The Giant Barrel sponge is a filter feeder, where water is pumped through the interior o the sponges body. The harp sponge lives in deep sea. They may be over 100 years old, as the sponges grow only about 1.5 cm a year. … It is perhaps the best-studied species of s… Ha engedélyezi a Verizon Media és partnerei részére, hogy feldolgozzák az Ön személyes adatait, válassza a(z) Elfogadom lehetőséget, ha pedig további tájékoztatást szeretne, vagy kezelné adatvédelmi lehetőségeit, akkor válassza a(z) Beállítások kezelése lehetőséget. Species Fish. Sponges harbor a large community of bacteria. Species Cephalopods. Red-Orange Encrusting Sponge. They can be gray, brown, red-brown or rose-purple. Small pores in the sponge body are connected to channels lined by collar cells, each with a flagellum, and the beating of these flagellae draws water through the channels. No need to register, buy now! It contains the largest number of sponge species. Variable Boring Sponge. It’s habitat is on mid range to deep coral reefs and muddy sand bottoms in deeper water. [20], "Chemical defenses and resource trade-offs structure sponge communities on Caribbean coral reefs", "Resilience to Disturbance Despite Limited Dispersal and Self-Recruitment in Tropical Barrel Sponges: Implications for Conservation and Management", "A review of evidence for food limitation of sponges on Caribbean reefs", "The ecology and phylogeny of cyanobacterial symbionts in sponges", "Bleaching of the giant barrel sponge Xestospongia muta in the Florida Keys", "The pathology of sponge orange band disease affecting the Caribbean barrel sponge Xestospongia muta", "Demographics of increasing populations of the giant barrel sponge Xestospongia muta in the Florida Keys", "In situ fluxes of dissolved inorganic nitrogen from the sponge community on Conch Reef, Key Largo, Florida", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giant_barrel_sponge&oldid=1004412085, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 2 February 2021, at 13:34. [9], The giant barrel sponge is probably dioecious, and spawns its eggs or sperm directly into the water column. Thailand. Florent's Guide To The Caribbean Reefs - Giant Barrel Sponge - Xestospongia muta - Common Sponges - - Common Sponges - Caribbean, Bahamas, Florida - More Details. Huge collection, amazing choice, 100+ million high quality, affordable RF and RM images. Dark Volcano Sponge. Comment. giant barrel sponge.jpg. Giant Barrel Sponge. The harp sponge lives in deep sea. Giant Barrel Sponge Roles In Enviroment Xestospongia muta is a filter feeder. It is typically brownish-red to brownish-gray in color, with a hard or stony texture. Sponges do not have a cardiovascular system. Start This article has been rated as Start-Class on the project's quality scale. One cool fact about the Giant Barrel sponge is that its average lifespan is 2,000 years, which is pretty impressive for a sea creature. Between 2000 and 2012, the giant barrel sponge, Xestospongia muta — which can grow to over a meter tall and wide — covered increasing territory on two reefs off Florida’s Key Largo.The number of sponges per square meter increased on both reefs, on one by an average of 122 percent, researchers report in an upcoming Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. Xestospongia muta. 2. They have no heads, eyes, tails, or mouths, and they live most of their lives rooted in one spot. For the Giant Barrel Sponge, the way it retrieves food is very similar to that of a sponge, however instead of the many pores a sponge holds the barrel sponge uses the main hole as a way to live. Retrieving food via the water that flows through the main pore of the sponge. Sponges like X. muta also absorb dissolved organic compounds directly from the seawater as part of their diet. They feed on plankton. Shellfish & Crustaceans Species. It is really not cool to learn that a sponge can actually hunt but yes, there are many carnivorous sponge species and the harp sponge is one of them. The order is Haplosclerida. [4] Sponge growth rates ranged from over 400% per year to only 2% per year. It is common at depths greater than 10 meters (33 ft) down to 120 meters (390 ft) and can reach a diameter of 1.8 meters (6 feet). 1. For the Giant Barrel Sponge, the way it retrieves food is very similar to that of a sponge, however instead of the many pores a sponge holds the barrel sponge uses the main hole as a way to live. In fact, these microorganisms can account for up to 40% of the sponge's volume. The Oregon Giant Earthworms circulatory system is a closed one, which means that its blood is confined to blood vessels and that its blood will be recirculated over and over again. The phylum is Porifera. Orange Lumpy Encrusting Sponge. giant barrel sponge (Xestospongia muta).jpg. Like other sponges, the strawberry vase sponge eats by trapping microscopic plankton. Sponges. The giant barrel sponge, Xestospongia muta (Demo-spongiae: Haplosclerida) is a large and common member of Caribbean coral reef communities. Seawater samples were collected from the incurrent and excurrent flow of 35 sponges. The largest species of sponge (Porifera) is the giant barrel sponge (Xestospongia muta).It grows at depths from 10 m (33 ft) down to 120 m (390 ft), … Sponges feed by pumping water through their pores and filtering out small particles of food. Orange Sieve Encrusting Sponge. Retrieving food via the water that flows through the main pore of the sponge. Barrel sponges › Encrusting sponge. The Giant Barrel Sponge (Xestospongia muta) dominates Caribbean coral reef communities, where it is an important spatial competitor, increases habitat complexity, and filters seawater.Average densities of approximately 0.2 individuals per square meter are typical. Various critters can often be found resting inside these sponges. Barrel sponges › Among the largest of all sponges are the barrel sponges, which grow on tropical coral reefs. Individuals may undergo periodic bleaching, but this is a cyclic event, and the sponge recovers its normal coloration over time. Giant Barrel Sponge: Home; Physical Description; Habitat; Taxonomy; Resources; Taxonomy. THe Giant Barrel Sponge As I have mentioned in the phylum slides sponges do not have cardiovascular systems but instead use a filtering system called a water based circulatory system that opens pores on the sponge called ostia that will create a current to draw water into the sponge so that it will reicieve oxygen from the water. [6] This cyclical bleaching is likely to be a response by the cyanobacteria rather than by the host sponge, it has no negative effect on the host sponge. [5] The sponge grows on any hard surface; the smallest individuals observed are about 1 cm. Category: Common Sponges. Small pores in the body wall are connected to channels lined by cells with flagella, and the rhythmical beating of these draws water The Blue Barrel Sponge has the nickname "Redwood of the Reef" because of … Atlantic Blue Marlin. Plakortis … In this study, we used molecular techniques to study populations of giant barrel sponges across the globe and assessed whether the genetic structure of these populations agreed with current taxonomic consensus or, in contrast, whether there was … Giant Barrel Sponge. They are impressive in their size and their presence in the underwater world, but the facts about them and their importance to the health of the reef and the ocean is truly surprising. Giant barrel sponge is within the scope of WikiProject Animals, an attempt to better organize information in articles related to animals and zoology.For more information, visit the project page. Florent's Guide To The Tropical Reefs - Giant Barrel Sponge - Xestospongia muta - Common Sponges - - Common Sponges - Caribbean, Bahamas, Florida - The largest falcon in the world. Found singly or in small colonies over reef faces and flats of coral and rocky reefs. Three species of giant barrel sponge are currently recognized in two distinct geographic regions, the tropical Atlantic and the Indo-Pacific. [12], The tissues of the giant barrel sponge contain photosynthetic symbiotic cyanobacteria, Synechococcus Spongiarum,[13] which give the sponge its color. Giant Barrel Sponges, like all sponges, are attached to the reef surface and are unable to move. 1. [17], The giant barrel sponge is an important member of the reef community. Giant barrel sponges are actually animals, despite the fact that they grow fixed to the reef or the ocean bottom, giving us the impression that they are plants. Size: 2 to 6 ft. (60 cm to 1.8 m) Depth: 50-130 ft. (15-40 m) Distribution: Caribbean, Bahamas, Florida. Common Sponges. Compared with the Galapagos tortoises at approximately 200-250 years of age, or blue whales at approximately 200 years of age, they easily exceed the life span of any known animal on the planet by many times. About the Giant Barrel Sponge The Giant Barrel Sponges are barrel-shaped sponges with a rough, hard exterior. A team of scientists led by Dr Lonny Lundsten of the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI) in Moss Landing, California, has discovered an extraordinary new species of carnivorous sponge. [4] By using the growth model, the age of an individual X. muta can be estimated from the osculum diameter and the base circumference. Not all bacterial phyla and classes varied in a similar fashion or magnitude across the sampled locations. It is the largest of the reef-dwelling invertebrate in these areas. X. muta is a large and long-lived species (McClain et al., 2015, McMurray et al., 2008), populations comprise up to 65% of total sponge community biomass (Southwell et al., 2008), and X. muta is the second most abundant sponge on Caribbean coral reefs on the basis … Learn More . Spicules are never six-rayed, they are monaxon or tetraxon and are differentiated into large megascleres and small microscleres. Mi és partnereink cookie-k és hasonló technológiák használatával tárolunk és/vagy érünk el adatokat az Ön eszközén annak érdekében, hogy személyre szabott hirdetéseket és tartalmakat jelenítsünk meg Önnek, mérjük a hirdetések és a tartalmak hatékonyságát, és információkat szerezzünk a célközönségre vonatkozóan, valamint a termékfejlesztéshez. The Giant Barrel Sponge can be found in the Caribbean sea, the Bahamas, Bermuda, and in reefs around Florida. Find giant barrel sponge stock images in HD and millions of other royalty-free stock photos, illustrations and vectors in the Shutterstock collection. Rough Tube Sponge . Viscous Sponge. Green algae, cyanobacteria, archaea, cryptophytes, red algae, dinoflagellates, heterotrophic bacteria, and diatoms are known to inhabit a range of sponge species. http://www.huatiaiasia.com/ Name. Seawater samples were collected from the incurrent and excurrent flow of 35 sponges. Giant specimens may reach a diameter of up to 2 meters. They hangout at a depth of 10,879 feet to 11,152 feet. Populations of this spe-cies occupy greater than 9% of the available reef substrate in some regions (Zea 1993). They also weigh up to 80lbs. They lay eggs on vegetation above the water and, when the young hatch, they seek out and devour the sponge. These tags were drilled into the substrate next to the giant barrel sponge, not only to distinguish the individual, but also to monitor its growth. These bacteria capture phosphorus, a key nutrient, in the water and turn it into a form that is available for the coral reef community. The giant barrel sponge is considered to be on the second trophic level, meaning that it is a primary consumer since it consumes photosynthetic cyanobacteria, which are primary producers (McMurray et al., 2008). [16] The cause and transmission of this pathogenic condition remains a mystery. 2. Length - 1.5m Depth - … Giant Pacific Octopus. The class is Demospongiae. (Schmidt, 1870) Description: Persistently a cup- or barrel-shaped sponge with a rough, often jagged, stone-hard exterior. The largest falcon in the world. Usually found in the sea, sponges are some of the world’s simplest animals. Xestospongia rosariensis. We examined the carbon flux mediated by the giant barrel sponge, Xestospongia testudinaria, on reefs in the Red Sea across an inshore–offshore gradient that had previously been proposed to affect sponge nutrition in other parts of the tropics. Giant barrel sponge is within the scope of WikiProject Animals, an attempt to better organize information in articles related to animals and zoology.For more information, visit the project page. Getty Images offers exclusive rights-ready and premium royalty-free analog, HD, and 4K video of the highest quality. This sponge species was first discovered off the coast of California using a deep sea robot. giant barrel sponge (Xestospongia muta).jpg. “Xestospongia muta, the Barrel Sponge” by NOAA [CC by 2.0] Fun fact: Giant tube sponges can live up to 2000 years old!! Sponge Flies (Neuroptera, Sysryridae) are predators of freshwater sponges. These specimens may be over 100 years old, as the sponges grow only about 1.5 cm a year. Giant Barrel Sponge. Start This article has been rated as Start-Class on the project's quality scale. Other sponges grow into elaborate shapes, such as tubes, webs, and vases. Giant barrel sponges are the longest living animals on the planet. Previous post: The largest sponge. Christmas Tree Worm. It is common at depths greater than 10 metres (33 ft) down to 120 metres (390 ft) and can reach a diameter of 1.8 metres (6 feet). Demospongiae (Gr., dermos = frame; spongos = sponge): 1. Giant barrel sponges, sometimes called “the redwoods of the ocean,” can live into the thousands as well, with one specimen living to 2,300 years. Strawberry Vase Sponge. Species Fish. It’s habitat is on mid range to deep coral reefs and muddy sand bottoms in deeper water. The genus is Xestospongia. The giant barrel sponge (Xestospongia muta) is the largest species of sponge found growing on Caribbean coral reefs. They hangout at a depth of 10,879 feet to 11,152 feet. Also known as Giant Barrel Sponge, Great Vase Sponge, Marine Sponge, Siliceous Sponge, Volcano Sponge. Their bodies are full of tiny holes called pores. Their “cool” name is “Red Wood of the Sea” because they can get up to 5 meters tall and walls can get up to 6 inches thick and they have no skeletons. Species Fish. The largest known monkey . Barrel sponge (Xestospongia testudinaria) in the Andaman Sea. While the largest size of sea sponges above 1 meter. The Blue Barrel Sponge is a filter feeder. Small pores in the body wall are connected to channels lined by cells with flagella, and the rhythmical beating of these draws water Giant Barrel Sponge. Sponges filter large amounts of water, and are a predominant link in benthic-pelagic coupling on reefs and they harbor diverse assemblages of bacteria that can take part in nitrification and carbon fixation. McMurray et al. One cool fact about the Oregon Giant Earthworm is that it can dig burrows as deep as 15 feet deep in the ground, which is pretty cool for a worm. Reports have boasted of this old creature, nicknamed Ming, with some news outlets accusing scientists of killing it and other sources claiming that the resulting blowback was overblown. 4. Giant Barrel Sponge; Giant Caribbean Sea Anemone; Giant Carpet Anemone; Giant Clam; Giant Devilray; Giant Kelp; Giant Manta Ray; the Full Creature Index Petitions. Xestospongia rosariensis. The giant barrel sponge is nicknamed the "redwood of the reef" due to its long lifespan, which can be up to 2,000 years. Shop for giant barrel sponge art from the world's greatest living artists. Choose your favorite giant barrel sponge photographs from millions of available designs. Giant specimens may reach a diameter of up to 2 meters. Thousands of new, high-quality pictures added every day. Giant Barrel Sponge. [14] Unlike the circumstances for coral bleaching, X. muta does not appear to rely on its photosynthetic symbionts for nutrition, and they are considered commensals. This type of sponge is permanently attached to the coral head in which it is growing. It is also known as Xestospongia Muta and it has brittle, incompressible, and easy to break consistency. Smenospongia conulosa. It is typically brownish-red to brownish-gray in color, with a hard or stony texture. Featured Campaign Save the Oceans, Feed the World. All giant barrel sponge photographs ship within 48 hours and include a 30-day money-back guarantee. Particularly Algae is the food that most sponges retrieve from the water, and allow them to survive. The most beautiful duck in the world. [18]It serves as a habitat for various invertebrates which live on the surface or in the interior[5] and is grazed upon by some parrotfish. The barrel sponges of the western Pacific, Indian Ocean, and the Caribbbean Sea are among the largest of all sponges. Various critters can often be found resting inside these sponges. #4: Ming the Ocean Quahog: 507 years. [8], The giant barrel sponge is a filter feeder. Also known as Giant Barrel Sponge, Great Vase Sponge, Marine Sponge, Siliceous Sponge, Volcano Sponge. This orange sponge, from the Caribbean, has grown around the surface of a rock. [5], The giant barrel sponge is variable in form. Large-sized, solitary or colonial. Low This article has been rated as Low-importance on the project's importance scale. It is also referred to as the “Redwood of the Sea” because of … Rough Tube Sponge. This sponge was given its name due its hollow center and its round and open top, giving it a resemblance to a barrel. The most beautiful duck in the world. A(z) Yahoo a Verizon Media része. set out to survey and monitor the giant barrel sponge population in the Florida Keys in order to understand the demographic trends of the Florida Keys reefs. Pink and Red Encrusting Sponge. Atlantic Bluefin Tuna. Their hollow bodies can grow to around 2m (6.5ft) tall and 2m (6.5ft) wide, large enough to hold an adult human. The Strawberry vase sponge is most often found between Florida and the Caribbean Islands. We examined the carbon flux mediated by the giant barrel sponge, Xestospongia testudinaria, on reefs in the Red Sea across an inshore–offshore gradient that had previously been proposed to affect sponge nutrition in other parts of the tropics. Giant Barrel Sponge has shades of gray color, brown, red brown or rose purple color. 3. They are impressive in their size and their presence in the underwater world, but the facts about them and their importance to the health of the reef and the ocean is truly surprising. The family is Petrosiidae. The domain is Eukarya. Each giant barrel sponge found was mapped, photographed, and given an individual tag. Next Post: Leave a Reply Cancel reply. All giant barrel sponge artwork ships within 48 hours and includes a 30-day money-back guarantee. The giant barrel sponge has been called the "redwoodof the reef" because of its size and estimated lifespan of hundreds to a thousand or more years. They grow at depths that range from 33 feet down (10 m) all the way to 390 feet (120 m) beneath the ocean surface. The most intelligent dog. Brown Encrusting Octopus Sponge. The giant barrel sponge is a large sponge that lives on coral reefs around the Caribbean Sea and adjacent waters. The Blue Barrel Sponges' tissues contains photosynthetic symbiotic cyanobacteria which gives it its color. Some even look like golf balls. [2] The giant barrel sponge has been called the "redwood of the reef"[3] because of its size and estimated lifespan of hundreds to a thousand or more years.
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