ARTICLE 44. ARTICLE 2110. (1) That the minor be eighteen years of age; (3) That the concession be deemed convenient for the minor. Likewise, each co-owner shall pay for damages caused by reason of his negligence or fraud. A married woman, twenty-one years of age or over, is qualified for all acts of civil life, except in cases specified by law. The same obligation shall devolve upon a widow who believes herself to have been left pregnant by the deceased husband, or upon the wife who believes herself to be pregnant by her husband from whom she has been legally separated. In case of a simple donation, the donor shall be indemnified by the donee for the establishment of the right of way. (1282), ARTICLE 1372. Apprentices shall be treated humanely. Nevertheless, the owner of the tenement or property adjoining the wall in which the openings are made can close them should he acquire part-ownership thereof, if there be no stipulation to the contrary. When the principal obligation is extinguished in consequence of a novation, accessory obligations may subsist only insofar as they may benefit third persons who did not give their consent. (320a), ARTICLE 403. ARTICLE 764. (1430), ARTICLE 189. (1502a) temuim. (n), Effect of Parental Authority Upon the Persons of the Children. (359), ARTICLE 447. The vendor shall be responsible for warranty against the hidden defects which the thing sold may have, should they render it unfit for the use for which it is intended, or should they diminish its fitness for such use to such an extent that, had the vendee been aware thereof, he would not have acquired it or would have given a lower price for it; but said vendor shall not be answerable for patent defects or those which may be visible, or for those which are not visible if the vendee is an expert who, by reason of his trade or profession, should have known them. The outgoing lessee shall allow the incoming lessee or the lessor the use of the premises and other means necessary for the preparatory labor for the following year; and, reciprocally, the incoming lessee or the lessor is under obligation to permit the outgoing lessee to do whatever may be necessary for the gathering or harvesting and utilization of the fruits, all in accordance with the custom of the place. (1841a), ARTICLE 2070. The wife may also by express authority of the husband appearing in a public instrument, administer the latter’s estate. ARTICLE 372. ARTICLE 1887. These expenses shall be met first from the conjugal property, then from the husband’s capital, and lastly from the wife’s paraphernal property. A stipulation which excludes one or more partners from any share in the profits or losses is void. It is understood that there is an exterior sign, contrary to the easement of party wall: (1) Whenever in the dividing wall of buildings there is a window or opening; (2) Whenever the dividing wall is, on one side, straight and plumb on all its facement, and on the other, it has similar conditions on the upper part, but the lower part slants or projects outward; (3) Whenever the entire wall is built within the boundaries of one of the estates; (4) Whenever the dividing wall bears the burden of the binding beams, floors and roof frame of one of the buildings, but not those of the others; (5) Whenever the dividing wall between courtyards, gardens, and tenements is constructed in such a way that the coping sheds the water upon only one of the estates; (6) Whenever the dividing wall, being built of masonry, has stepping stones, which at certain intervals project from the surface on one side only, but not on the other; (7) Whenever lands inclosed by fences or live hedges adjoin others which are not inclosed. It shall be the duty of the person solemnizing the marriage to furnish to either of the contracting parties one of the three copies of the marriage contract referred to in article 55, and to send another copy of the document not later than fifteen days after the marriage took place to the local civil registrar concerned, whose duty shall be to issue the proper receipt to any person sending a marriage contract solemnized by him, including marriages of an exceptional character. In every inheritance, the relative nearest in degree excludes the more distant ones, saving the right of representation when it properly takes place. Such revocation may be express or implied. (1677), ARTICLE 1783. ARTICLE 426. Unauthorized contracts are governed by article 1317 and the principles of agency in Title X of this Book. ARTICLE 1107. 3815. However, such contract may be renewed from year to year. (599). (4) The party defrauded must have acted in accordance with the misrepresentation. (836a), ARTICLE 894. (583), ARTICLE 672. (565), ARTICLE 651. The owners of estates adjoining ponds or lagoons do not acquire the land left dry by the natural decrease of the waters, or lose that inundated by them in extraordinary floods. If the heirs or devisees do not choose to avail themselves of the right granted by the preceding article, any heir or devisee who did not have such right may exercise it; should the latter not make use of it, the property shall be sold at public auction at the instance of any one of the interested parties. (1550), ARTICLE 1651. ARTICLE 1678. (n), ARTICLE 2004. A private person or a public official extrajudicially abating a nuisance shall be liable for damages: (2) If an alleged nuisance is later declared by the courts to be not a real nuisance. (591a), ARTICLE 680. ARTICLE 311. Usufruct may be constituted on the whole or a part of the fruits of the thing, in favor of one or more persons, simultaneously or successively, and in every case from or to a certain day, purely or conditionally. If the rent is weekly, the courts may likewise determine a longer period after the lessee has been in possession for over six months. (n), ARTICLE 1976. System of Complete Separation of Property (n). (1728), ARTICLE 1913. The above provision shall not apply to contracts for the rent of safety deposit boxes. ARTICLE 33. Possession in wartime, when the civil courts are not open, shall not be counted in favor of the adverse claimant. Third persons who are not parties to the principal obligation may secure the latter by pledging or mortgaging their own property. If the work cannot be completed on account of a defect in the material furnished by the employer, or because of orders from the employer, without any fault on the part of the contractor, the latter has a right to an equitable part of the compensation proportionally to the work done, and reimbursement for proper expenses made. Possession may be acquired by the same person who is to enjoy it, by his legal representative, by his agent, or by any person without any power whatever; but in the last case, the possession shall not be considered as acquired until the person in whose name the act of possession was executed has ratified the same, without prejudice to the juridical consequences of negotiorum gestio in a proper case. Creditors and all other persons interested in making the prescription effective may avail themselves thereof notwithstanding the express or tacit renunciation by the debtor or proprietor. He is not prejudiced by any waiver of defense by the principal obligor. The interest on the proceeds of the sale of the movables and that on public securities and bonds, and the proceeds of the property placed under administration, shall belong to the usufructuary. When the acts referred to are executed before the diplomatic or consular officials of the Republic of the Philippines in a foreign country, the solemnities established by Philippine laws shall be observed in their execution.
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